Normative based beliefs as a basis for perceived changes in personality traits across the lifespan.

This article presents a new framework for understanding how people think personality changes across the life span. In two studies we examined the correspondence among how people thought their personalities would change, how people in general change, and changes found in a meta-analysis of changes in personality. We conceptualized and measured personality in terms of the Big Five model (FFM). In Study 1 participants rated either how they had changed from the past to the present or how they would change from the present to the future. We found that for openness to experience and social vitality participants thought these traits had increased from the past to the present, whereas participants did not think they would change from the present to the future. In contrast, participants thought that conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability would increase from the present to the future, although they did not report changes in most of these traits from the past to the present. The changes that occurred in Study 1 correspond to changes of personality found in previous research. In Study 2 participants rated themselves and other people on the FFM traits for each of nine intervals representing the lifespan. We found that people perceived changes in themselves to be similar to the changes found in meta-analyses, and perceptions of change in the self-corresponded to perception of changes for others. We believe these results can be explained by recognizing that people share normative based beliefs about how people change at certain age. Nevertheless, we also found that people perceived themselves as better than others, i.e., relatively greater increases in some positive traits and relatively smaller decreases in some negative traits, being first among equals. We discuss possible explanations for this phenomenon, which according to our knowledge, has not been discussed in this context previously.

The assessment of physical risk taking: Preliminary construct validation of a new behavioral measure.

Risk taking is a complex heterogeneous construct that has proven difficult to assess, especially when using behavioral tasks. We present an exploratory investigation of new measure-the Assessment of Physical Risk Taking (APRT). APRT produces a variety of different outcome scores and is designed as a comprehensive assessment of the probability of success and failure, and magnitude of reward and punishment of different types of simulated physically risky behaviors. Effects observed on the simulated behaviors are hypothesized to reflect similar effects on real world physical risks. Participants (N = 224) completed APRT in a laboratory setting, half of whom had a 1.5 s delay interposed between button presses. Exploratory analyses utilizing generalized estimating equations examined the main effects and two-way interactions among five within-subject factors, as well as two-way interactions between the within-subject factors and Delay across four APRT outcome scores. Results indicated that Injury Magnitude and Injury Probability exerted stronger effects than any of the other independent variables. Participants also completed several self-report measures of risk taking and associated constructs (e.g., sensation seeking), which were correlated with APRT scores to assess the preliminary convergent and divergent validity of the new measure. After correcting for multiple comparisons, APRT scores correlated with self-reported risk taking in thrilling, physically dangerous activities specifically, but only for those who did not have a delay between APRT responses. This promising exploratory investigation highlights the need for future studies comparing APRT to other behavioral risk taking tasks, examining the robustness of the observed APRT effects, and investigating how APRT may predict real-world physical risk taking.

Novel Strategies for Evaluating and Improving Plastic Surgery Applicant Selection.

SUMMARY: Residency applicant evaluation and selection is a critical part of developing and maintaining a high-quality plastic surgery residency program. Currently, many programs rely on objective measures such as the United States Medical Licensing Exam scores, number of research publications, grade point average, Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society status, or a combination of these objective metrics. However, there is a growing body of literature suggesting that the current means of residency applicant evaluation and selection may not be the best predictive factors of future resident success. The aim of this study was to identify nontraditional means of evaluating plastic surgery residency candidates and discuss how these means have been implemented at the authors' institution. After reviewing industry hiring practices, the authors propose that standardized interviewing and personality testing can help evaluate some of the previously intangible parts of an applicant that may play a role in teamwork, commitment, and dedication to patient care.

Psychometric properties and normative information on the child and adolescent behavior inventory with ratings for Spanish children from parents and teachers / Información Psicométrica y Normativa del Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory con Evaluaciones de Madres, Padres y Maestros de Niños Españoles

BACKGROUND: Psychometric properties and initial normative information are provided for the sluggish cognitive tempo, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder, callous-unemotional behavior (limited prosocial emotions specifier), anxiety, depression, social impairment, and academic impairment scales of the Spanish Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory. METHOD: Mothers, fathers, and teachers of 2,142 third to sixth grade Spanish children (49.49% girls; ages 8-13) from randomly selected schools on the Balearic Islands completed the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory. RESULTS: Scores from the scales demonstrated reliability (internal consistency and inter-rater), structural validity, and convergent/discriminant validity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disorder diagnoses for boys and girls separately for each source. Normative information (T-scores) is provided for the nine scales separately for boys and girls, with test information functions supporting use of the symptom scales for screening purposes. CONCLUSIONS: Although more comprehensive Spanish norms are still needed, the initial normative information on the scales should be useful to inform the clinical care of individual Spanish children, with the positive psychometric properties of the scores also supporting the use of the scale for research. Copies of the Spanish Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory and norms are available for free to clinicians and researchers

ANTECEDENTES: en este trabajo se presenta información psicométrica y normativa inicial de la versión española del Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory para las escalas: tempo cognitivo lento, inatención e hiperactividad/impulsividad del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, negativismo desafiante, dureza emocional, ansiedad, depresión, afectación social y deterioro académico. MÉTODO: una muestra de madres, padres y maestros de 2.142 niños españoles de tercer a sexto curso de escuelas seleccionadas al azar en las Islas Baleares completaron el Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory. RESULTADOS: las puntuaciones de las escalas demostraron fiabilidad, validez estructural y validez de criterio con diagnósticos de TDAH y de trastornos del aprendizaje para niños y niñas. Se proporciona información normativa para las nueve escalas por separado para niños y niñas, mientras las funciones de información del test han respaldado el uso de las escalas de síntomas para fines de detección inicial. CONCLUSIONES: aunque todavía son necesarios datos normativos más completos en niños de muestras españolas, la información normativa inicial que proporcionamos de las escalas CABI debería ser útil para los informes en el ámbito clínico, además los datos psicométricos positivos de sus puntuaciones también apoyan su uso en investigación

Development and Validation of the Interview of Personality Organization Processes in Adolescence (IPOP-A).

The assessment of personality and personality pathology in adolescence represents a critical topic to understand adolescent's difficulties, predict long-term outcome in adulthood, and indicate adequate treatment. Personality Organization, and its underlying dimensions, plays an essential role in shaping how adolescents face their developmental tasks as they are connected with psychosocial functioning and psychopathological severity. However, few measures are available to assess personality organization during adolescence. The aim of the present research is to investigate the psychometric properties of the Interview of Personality Organization Processes in Adolescence (IPOP-A), a semi-structured interview designed for the assessment of the main personality organization dimensions in adolescence. Three studies were performed to explore the psychometric properties of the IPOP-A, in terms of factor structure, reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported the IPOP-A construct validity. Furthermore, IPOP-A showed good reliability and evidenced a convergent and discriminant validity with DSM-oriented personality patterns, emotion dysregulation, identity disturbance, and psychopathology. Our results provide evidence of IPOP-A validity to assess emerging personality organization in adolescence. Furthermore, the IPOP-A is a promising tool to use in the clinical consultation and treatment planning for the adolescent.

An Exploration of Characteristics and Behavioral Traits of DAISY Honorees and Nominees: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: In the literature, an abundance of stories exist describing patient situations and caregiver actions, but only 2 studies were identified that outline DAISY honorees' actions and behavioral characteristics. OBJECTIVE: This study utilized patient nomination data and DAISY honoree insight to identify and gain better understanding of the characteristics and behavioral traits of DAISY nurses. METHODS: A grounded theory approach and purposive sample were used in this study, which was conducted in 2 phases using 2 different data sets. In phase 1, the NarrativeDx AI platform generated insights from DAISY nomination comments. In phase 2, a survey was administered to DAISY honorees collecting descriptive data that were analyzed in SPSS, whereas insights on DAISY nurses were collected via open-ended responses and analyzed using NVivo software. RESULTS: Three themes emerged in phase 1 from DAISY nomination data: caring, knowledge/skills, and reliability. A total of 37 DAISY honorees participated in phase 2. Most participants were bachelor's degree-prepared and worked day shift in the emergency department, critical care units, or medical-surgical units; some entered leadership roles post award, and 34% cited nursing as a 2nd career. Four themes emerged from their open-ended responses: engaging in care, environment of care, dedicated to care, and competence of care. Subthemes emerged in both analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The essence of caring was noted continuously in both nomination and honoree data. Further research aimed at discovering the characteristics and behaviors of DAISY honorees is recommended as examination of these factors may provide a deeper understanding of this exemplary group of nurses. Insights could be incorporated into training and practice programs aimed at increasing patient and nursing satisfaction.

Personality Profiles and Psychological Adjustment in Breast Cancer Patients.

Dispositional personality characteristics may play a role in psychosocial adjustment to any disease, including cancer. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify personality profiles in breast cancer patients and to determine whether these profiles are associated with psychological adjustment or psychopathology. METHODS: Participants were 109 women (mean age, 52.01) diagnosed with breast cancer. They completed the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III), the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Scales. RESULTS: The analysis revealed two different personality profiles: (a) one group, comprising 38.23% of the sample, was characterized by paranoid, negativistic, and dependent personality traits and was considered as a "vulnerable group"; and (b) another group (61.77%) was characterized by compulsive, histrionic, and narcissistic personality traits and was considered as a "psychologically adjusted group". The vulnerable group scored higher than the psychologically adjusted group on all clinical syndromes, with scores above 60 on the anxiety, somatoform, dysthymic, and bipolar scales (score on anxiety being above 75); in contrast, the psychologically adjusted group did not reach a base rate score of 60 on any of the clinical syndromes, showing no manifestations of psychopathology. Additionally, the vulnerable group scored lower than the psychologically adjusted group on optimism, life satisfaction, and positive affect, but higher on negative affect. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that personality traits could affect the psychological adjustment of breast cancer survivors. We discuss the implications of belonging to each group and highlight the importance of early identification of vulnerable women in order to facilitate clinical and psychological support.

Revisión sistemática sobre trastornos de la personalidad y disfunciones sexuales / Systematic review of personality disorders and sexual dysfunction

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los trastornos de la personalidad y la respuesta sexual son dos aspectos íntimamente relacionados, y el conocimiento de la relación entre ambas variables servirá para proporcionar una atención de calidad a los pacientes. MÉTODO: El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática sobre la relación entre trastornos de la personalidad y disfunciones sexuales. RESULTADOS: Catorce artículos científicos publicados entre 2006 y 2016 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para formar parte de esta revisión. Este trabajo ha permitido organizar la escasa información proveniente de trabajos científicos referida a las relaciones existentes entre trastornos de la personalidad y disfunciones sexuales. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye con la necesidad de realizar más investigación en esta área

BACKGROUND: Personality disorders and sexual response are two closely related aspects, and knowledge of the relationship between both variables will serve to provide quality care to patients. METHODS: The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review on the relationship between personality disorders and sexual dysfunctions. RESULTS: Fourteen scientific articles published between 2006 and 2016 met the inclusion criteria to be part of this review. This work has allowed organizing the scarce information coming from scientific works referred to the existing relations between personality disorders and sexual dysfunctions. CONCLUSION: It concludes with the need to carry out more research in this area

Análisis descriptivo de la simulación de síntomas psicológicos en una muestra forense / Descriptive analysis of malingered psychological symptoms in a forensic sample

INTRODUCCIÓN: La simulación, definida como intento deliberado de mentir o engañar en relación con una enfermedad o discapacidad, exagerando la sintomatología, con el objetivo de obtener un beneficio personal, es un fenómeno complejo, poco estudiado en nuestro contexto profesional. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el modo en que se manifiesta dicho fenómeno en el ámbito forense. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se seleccionó una muestra incidental de 190 sujetos atendidos en la Unidad de Psicología (IMLCFC) durante 16 meses. Se les administró el Inventario estructurado de simulación de síntomas, a la vez que se valoraban ciertos indicadores clínicos de simulación y otros resultados psicométricos. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo de la muestra, así como de las correlaciones entre sospecha clínica y psicométrica, y entre sensibilidad del instrumento específico y de los instrumentos genéricos. RESULTADOS: El criterio clínico estructurado para detectar la simulación correlaciona moderadamente con el resultado obtenido en el Inventario estructurado de simulación de síntomas; la puntuación total en esta prueba presenta una correlación positiva, aunque atenuada, con los indicadores de exageración del principal test de psicopatología; la simulación es un estilo de respuesta altamente prevalente en sujetos de la jurisdicción social, con un patrón de respuestas significativamente incrementado respecto al observado en muestras penales. DISCUSIÓN: La valoración de la simulación de síntomas psicológicos en el contexto forense requiere de una estrategia multimétodo que incluya el juicio clínico estructurado, instrumentos específicos de detección y otras pruebas psicométricas complementarias, al efecto de generar validez convergente que contribuya a la detección de dicho fenómeno

INTRODUCTION: Malingering, defined as a deliberate attempt to lie or deceive in connection with an illness or disability, exaggerating the symptomatology, with the aim of obtaining a personal benefit, is a complex phenomenon, seldom studied in our professional context. The objective of this study was to analyse the way in which this phenomenon manifests itself in the forensic field. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An incidental sample of 190 subjects attended in the Psychology Unit (IMLCFC) over 16 months was selected. The Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) was administered to them, while assessing certain clinical indicators of malingering and other psychometric results. A descriptive statistical analysis of the sample was performed, focusing on the correlations between clinical and psychometric suspicion, and on specific vs. generic test sensitivity. RESULTS: The structured clinical criterion to detect malingering correlates moderately with the result obtained in the SIMS; the total score in this test presents a positive, albeit attenuated, correlation with the exaggeration indicators from the main psychopathology test; malingering is a highly prevalent response style in subjects seeking work-related sickness compensation, with a pattern of significantly increased responses compared to that observed in criminal samples. DISCUSSION: The assessment of malingered psychological symptoms in the forensic context requires a multi-method strategy that includes structured clinical diagnosis, specific detection instruments, and other complementary psychometric tests, in order to generate convergent validity that contributes to the detection of this phenomenon

Urdu Translation of Friendship Scale: Evidence for the Validity and Measurement Invariance Across Gender.

Social isolation is a state of nearly-absolute lack of interaction between an individual and society. The Friendship Scale (Hawthorne, 2006) is a measure of social isolation that needed to be translated in the Urdu language for its validation for the Pakistani population owing to its brevity and sound psychometric properties. For the Urdu translation, the standard back-translation procedure was adopted, and the cross-language validation of the translated version was undertaken on a purposive sample of (N = 60) older adults with a minimum age of 60 years. The test-retest reliability of one week for the Urdu-English and English-Urdu version was .95 and .97, respectively. In an independent purposive sample of older adults (N = 500; men = 263 and women = 237) from Lahore and Sargodha districts, the CFA of the Friendship Scale revealed a single factor solution with six indicators, which demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance across both genders and comparable latent mean scores of men and women. The Friendship Scale demonstrated a significant positive relationship with depression and non-significant association with the assimilation, which provided evidence for the convergent and discriminant validities, respectively. Furthermore, evidence of the concurrent validity was established as the older adults whose spouses had died scored significantly higher on the Friendship scale as compared to their counterparts who were living with their spouses. These pieces of evidence suggest that the Urdu version of the Friendship scale is a reliable and valid measure of flourishing for both genders.

Is Love Triarchic or Monarchical-Hierarchical? A Proposal of a General Factor of Love and a Scale to Measure it.

One of the most widely used measures for evaluating love is the Triangular Love Scale (TLS) by Sternberg (1986) based on his Triarchic theory according to which, love is comprised of three reasonably independent components (intimacy, passion and commitment). However, different investigations contradict this idea. The purpose of the present investigation is to verify whether the structure of love is triarchic, with three independent factors, or monarchical-hierarchical, with a first level where the three components of love would be located, and a second higher level where they would be grouped together in a general factor of love. In order to do this, in addition to the use of the TLS scale, another equivalent called Quality Partner Relationship Scale (QPRS) was developed to test the stability of the results found, and to propose a measure of love based on the Sternberg components, but simpler and without problems of overlap between items. To test this question, we used a sample of 610 people matched by sex, age and social class, all of whom were partnered at the time of the evaluation. Confirmatory Factor Analyses were used to test the research objective, something that had not been done so far, and it was found that the structure that best fitted the data was monarchical-hierarchical in the case of the TLS as well as in the one of the QPRS. We can then state that love is structured around a general factor in which the three components are grouped: Intimacy, passion and commitment.

The Psychometric Structure of the Spanish Language Version of The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure in Spain and Chile.

The present study investigated the structure of the Spanish version of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM-E), an 11-item measure that assesses individual differences in social comparison orientation (SCO), i.e., the extent to which people compare themselves with others. Data came from samples from Spain (n = 1,133) and Chile (n = 2,757). Confirmatory Factor Analyses and Mokken Scale Analyses supported in both samples not the assumed two-factor structure, but a single factor structure, consisting of eight items. The resulting eight-item version of the INCOM-E was reliable in both samples, according the Gutmann's lambda-2 (.82 in Spain and .83 in Chile), and correlated very strongly with the full-length INCOM-E (.93 in Spain and .97 in Chile). In both samples, there were significant sex differences, ps < .001 with small effect sizes, ƞ2 in both samples = .01,but in the Spanish sample women scored higher, and in the Chilean sample men scored higher in SCO. The relationship with age was negative and significant (ps < .001) in both samples, albeit small (r = .22 in Spain and .13 in Chile) Based on the present research, it is advised to use the shortened eight-item version of the INCOM-E in Spanish speaking countries.

Assessing the Big Five personality traits using real-life static facial images.

There is ample evidence that morphological and social cues in a human face provide signals of human personality and behaviour. Previous studies have discovered associations between the features of artificial composite facial images and attributions of personality traits by human experts. We present new findings demonstrating the statistically significant prediction of a wider set of personality features (all the Big Five personality traits) for both men and women using real-life static facial images. Volunteer participants (N = 12,447) provided their face photographs (31,367 images) and completed a self-report measure of the Big Five traits. We trained a cascade of artificial neural networks (ANNs) on a large labelled dataset to predict self-reported Big Five scores. The highest correlations between observed and predicted personality scores were found for conscientiousness (0.360 for men and 0.335 for women) and the mean effect size was 0.243, exceeding the results obtained in prior studies using 'selfies'. The findings strongly support the possibility of predicting multidimensional personality profiles from static facial images using ANNs trained on large labelled datasets. Future research could investigate the relative contribution of morphological features of the face and other characteristics of facial images to predicting personality.

A Perfect Match? A Scoping Review of the Influence of Personality Matching on Adult Mentoring Relationships-Implications for Academic Medicine.

INTRODUCTION: Mentoring is a widely regarded faculty development strategy in academic medicine. However, the lack of understanding about mentoring relationship dynamics limits effective recruitment, implementation, and evaluation. Despite decades of publications describing adult mentoring initiatives, few studies examine personality influence in mentoring relationships. This scoping review examined the extent, range, and nature of the research on personality matching in mentoring relationships, and identified research gaps in the literature. METHODS: Scoping review methodology guided a search of six databases representing higher education, health sciences education, and professional contexts where mentoring is used. Consistent with the inclusive approach of a scoping review, authors included academic papers and other article types. RESULTS: The scoping review yielded 39 articles. Literature mostly originated in the United States, publication sources represented multiple disciplines, and the context for the majority of articles was the workplace. The most common publication type was a research report. Although all articles addressed personality or mentoring, only three articles examined personality matching and its contribution to the mentoring relationship. Finally, although the Big Five personality traits were cited in multiple studies, other personality frameworks were used. DISCUSSION: Academic medicine expends resources developing and supporting mentoring programs but there remains limited understanding of how best to identify and match mentors and protégés. Further understanding of the role of joint and unique personality traits in academic medicine mentoring relationships seems necessary, if the field continues to invest, time, money, and resources for mentoring programs.

Is bad news on TV tickers good news? The effects of voiceover and visual elements in video on viewers' assessment.

In our experiment, we tested how exposure to a mock televised news segment, with a systematically manipulated emotional valence of voiceover, images and TV tickers (in the updating format) impacts viewers' perception. Subjects (N = 603) watched specially prepared professional video material which portrayed the story of a candidate for local mayor. Following exposure to the video, subjects assessed the politician in terms of competence, sociability, and morality. Results showed that positive images improved the assessment of the politician, whereas negative images lowered it. In addition, unexpectedly, positive tickers led to a negative assessment, and negative ones led to more beneficial assessments. However, in a situation of inconsistency between the voiceover and information provided on visual add-ons, additional elements are apparently ignored, especially when they are negative and the narrative is positive. We then discuss the implications of these findings.

Facet-level analysis of the relations between personality and laboratory aggression.

Multiple reviews and meta-analyses have identified the low pole of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) Agreeableness (also called Antagonism) as the primary domain-level personality correlates of aggression across self-report and behavioral methodologies. In the current study, we expand on this literature by investigating the relations between FFM facets and aggressive behavior as measured by laboratory competitive reaction time tasks (CRTTs). Across three samples (total N = 639), we conducted weighted mean analyses, multiple regression analyses, and dominance analyses to determine which FFM facets were the strongest predictors of aggression within and across domains. These analyses suggested that facets of Agreeableness were among the strongest consistent predictors of CRTT aggression, including Sympathy (r = -.21) and Cooperation (r = -.14), but facets from other FFM domains also yielded meaningful relations (e.g., Anger from Neuroticism; r = .17). We conclude by discussing these results in the context of controversies surrounding laboratory aggression paradigms and emphasizing the importance of considering small effect sizes in the prediction of societally harmful behavior like aggression.

Perceived Parental Rearing in Paediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Examining the Factor Structure of the EMBU Child and Parent Versions and Associations with OCD Symptoms.

Parental rearing behaviours characterised by high levels of rejection and overprotection have been implicated in the development and maintenance of child psychopathology, including paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU) is a commonly used measure of perceived parental rearing. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the factor structure of the EMBU child and parent versions were examined in a sample of children and youth with OCD (n = 176), and their mothers (n = 162). Associations between rearing and clinical correlates of OCD were explored. For parents, a 4-factor model provided the best fit. For children, a higher order model was the best fit. Greater parent and child perceived negative rearing behaviours and lower perceived positive behaviours were associated with greater OCD severity, comorbid symptoms and impairment. The EMBU has a conceptually meaningful factor structure and provides a useful measure for assessing perceived rearing behaviours within paediatric OCD.

Measuring life satisfaction among psychiatric patients: Measurement invariance and validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale.

The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the measurement invariance and the convergent validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) across clinical and nonclinical samples. A total of 216 psychiatric patients (47.7% females; Mage = 44.56) and 235 participants from the general population (54.5% females; Mage = 43.11 years) were recruited. The measurement invariance was tested by a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Full scalar invariance of the SWLS was supported. Psychiatric patients reported substantially lower life satisfaction than participants from the general population. The SWLS demonstrated good convergent validity in both samples. The present study supported the use of the SWLS as a measure of life satisfaction among psychiatric patients.

Comparison between the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality in a representative sample of Spanish prison inmates.

In the field of psychopathy, there is an ongoing debate about the core traits that define the disorder, and that therefore must be present to some extent in all psychopaths. The main controversy of this debate concerns criminal behaviour, as some researchers consider it a defining trait, while others disagree. Using a representative sample of 204 Spanish convicted inmates incarcerated at the Pereiro de Aguiar Penitentiary in Ourense, Spain, we tested two competing models, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), which includes criminal behaviour items, versus the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP), which does not. We used two different PCL-R models, one that includes criminal items and another that does not. PCL-R factors, facets, and testlets from both models and CAPP dimensions were correlated and compared. Two different PCL-R cut-off scores, 25 or more and 30 or more, were used for the analysis. Overall, a strong correlation was found between PCL-R and CAPP scores in the whole sample, but as scores increased and inmates became more psychopathic, the correlations weakened. All these data indicate that psychopathy, understood to mean having high scores on the PCL-R and CAPP, is a multidimensional entity, and inmates can develop the disorder and then receive the diagnosis through different dimensions. The CAPP domains showed better correlations when compared with the PCL-R factors from both models, showing that an instrument for the assessment of psychopathy without a criminal dimension is valuable for clinical assessment and research purposes.

Assessment and treatment of sleep problems in bipolar disorder-A guide for psychologists and clinically focused review.

Sleep problems are highly prevalent in bipolar disorder (BD) and constitute an important therapeutic focus in this population: They are highly impairing and distressing, are an area of subjective importance to consumers, and likely play a role in predicting/triggering mood episodes. The aim of this review is to orient psychologists and psychotherapists to current research relevant to their clinical practice with people with BD, including (a) the prevalence and presentation of sleep problems, (b) the impacts and correlates of impaired sleep, and (c) the relationship between sleep problems and mood symptoms (including the predictive/triggering role of sleep in BD mood relapses). Detailed recommendations for assessment and cognitive-behavioural intervention strategies for use in BD are described. It will be concluded that although some sleep problems and comorbidities require interdisciplinary collaboration, a range of evidence-informed strategies can be effectively and appropriately applied by clinical psychologists and psychotherapists.